Zephyrin Engelhardt (1851-1934), O.F.M., was born Charles Anthony Engelhardt in Bilshausen, Hanover, Germany, on November 13, 1851. In 1852, he and his family emigrated to North America. In 1872, he entered the Franciscan order and was ordained in 1878. Soon, Father Zephyrin Engelhardt became known as the “Father of Mission History”. His work and research have made Engelhardt an authority and a key figure in reconstructing the History of California missions. During the first decades of the 20th century, he began to compile the first definitive books of each of the Spanish Missions in Alta California. Among his many works are “The Franciscans in California” 1897, “The Franciscans in Arizona” 1899, and “The Missions and Missionaries of California” 1908-1915.
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 2 Father Zephyrin Engelhardt reading the original register of San Juan Capistrano on the South Wing, 1920. The register was begun in Father Serra's own handwriting.](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/father-zephyrin-engelhardt-450x722.jpg)
“The Missions and Missionaries of California” is a detailed five-volume study enriched with maps and illustrations. In the beginning, Father Engelhardt worked with Arthur Burnside Dodge (1863-1952), who, at the time, was the Art Director of the Los Angeles Times. Dodge realized seven of the drawings which were published in the first part of the book. Later on, Father Engelhardt engaged Alexander Francis Harmer (1856-1925), who completed the illustrations of the remaining volumes. In the image gallery below, it is possible to admire Dodge and Harmer’s spectacular drawings. The illustrations depict a wide range of historical facts, from the founding of Mission San Diego, the first mission in Alta California, to the discovery of San Francisco Bay, and from the Battle at Mission Santa Barbara to the Funeral of Governor José Figueroa and the Raising of the Flag of the United States at Monterey in 1846.
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 3 Founding of Mission San Diego, July 16th, 1769 - A. B. Dodge](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-01-dodge-v2p8-450x265.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 4 Fr. Junípero Serra's Frustrated Baptism, 1769 - A. B. Dodge](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-02-dodge-v2p21-450x274.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 5 First Baptism in Upper California, Los Cristianitos, July 22nd, 1769 - A. B. Dodge](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-03-dodge-v2p28-450x281.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 6 Discovery of San Francisco Bay by the Portolá Expedition, October 31st, 1769 - A. B. Dodge](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-04-dodge-v2p49-450x285.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 7 Primitive Plough used during the Mission Period - A. B. Dodge](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-05-dodge-v2p259-450x258.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 8 Mission Nuestra Señora Dolorosisima de Soledad, c. 1832 - A. B. Dodge](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-06-dodge-v2p528-450x252.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 9 Mission San Rafael Arcángel, c. 1822 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-07-harmer-v3p32-450x289.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 10 Grinding Corn in the Mortar and Crushing Soft Corn on the Metate - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-08-harmer-v3p65-450x292.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 11 Ordinary Conveyance in the Early Days - A. B. Dodge](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-09-dodge-v3p90-450x268.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 12 Mission San Francisco Solano, c. 1827 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-10-harmer-v3p177-450x290.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 13 Battle in front of Mission Santa Barbara, February 22nd, 1824 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-11-harmer-v3p198-450x291.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 14 Soldiers Murdering an Indian during Recapture of Mission Santa Barbara, 1824 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-12-harmer-v3p202-559x394.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 15 Colonists coming from Church, Mission Santa Barbara, 1824 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-13-harmer-v3p255-450x266.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 16 Fr. Juan Cabot in Sight of Tulares Valley, 1814 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-14-harmer-v3p271-450x263.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 17 Brutal Arrest of Fr. Luis A. Martínez, San Luis Obispo, February 1830 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-15-harmer-v3p287-450x291.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 18 Juan B. Alvarado Harangues the Indians of Mission San Miguel, 1831 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-16-harmer-v3p352-450x289.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 19 Father A. Peyri Departing Blesses His Beloved Indians, San Diego Harbor, 1832 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-17-harmer-v3p413-450x262.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 20 Governor José Figueroa and the Zacatecan Franciscans land at Monterey, January 15th, 1833 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-18-harmer-v3p446-450x263.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 21 Indians at San Luis Rey Refuse to Work for Captain Portillà, 1834 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-19-harmer-v3p537-450x258.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 22 Indians convey the body of Fr. F. V. de Sarría to San Antonio Mission for Burial, 1835 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-20-harmer-v3p568-559x394.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 23 Funeral of Governor José Figueroa at Santa Barbara, October 29th, 1835 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-21-harmer-v3p603-1000x707.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 24 Santa Barbara in Revolt. Father-President Narciso Durán brought back to the Mission in a Coach after a Failed Attempt to Exile him from California, c. 1834-35 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-22-harmer-v4p37-450x256.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 25 Constructing a Mission. "Who produced it All? Ah! The Poor Indians, Aided and Directed by the Missionaries". - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-23-harmer-v4p87-450x258.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 26 Under the Comisionado System I. Father Narciso Durán complains about the Multitude of Families placed at Mission Santa Barbara by the New Administrators, 1836 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-24-harmer-v4p101-450x259.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 27 Under the Comisionado System II. Uninvited Visitors arrive at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, 1840 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-25-harmer-v4p161-450x252.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 28 Under the Comisionado System III. Father Francisco González de Ibarra Forced to Suffer the Rudeness of the Cowboys, c. 1840 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-26-harmer-v4p181-450x258.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 29 Reception of Bishop García Diego at Santa Barbara Mission Church, 1843 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-27-harmer-v4p231-450x258.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 30 Under the Comisionado System IV. Father Narciso Durán Hearing the Complaints of the Neophytes, 1839 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-28-harmer-v4p291-450x262.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 31 Forcible Arrest and Banishment of Fr. José Maria Vásquez del Mercado, 1844 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-29-harmer-v4p425-450x260.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 32 Father Narciso Durán and his Musicians at Mission San José, 1833 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-30-harmer-v4p453-450x259.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 33 Rising of the Bear Flag at Sonoma near Mission Solano, June 14th, 1846 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-31-harmer-v4p543-450x255.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 34 Raising of the Flag of the United States at Monterey, July 7th, 1846 - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-32-harmer-v4p553-450x262.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 35 Cause of Indian Ruin: The White Man's Greed, Vices, Diseases and Whiskey, 1830's - A. F. Harmer](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/drawing-33-harmer-v4p651-450x259.jpg)
19th Century images of the California Missions
In his book “The Missions and Missionaries of California”, Father Engelhardt also published photographs, drawings, and paintings of each of the twenty-one California missions. These images are from various artists, including Harmer and Dodge, and show the missions as they looked during the first decades of the 19th century. The following image gallery depicts these lovely and intriguing historical images.
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 36 I. Mission San Diego, founded July 16, 1769](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/01mission-san-diego-450x260.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 37 II. Mission San Carlos, founded June 3rd, 1770](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/02-mission-san-carlos-450x259.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 38 III. Mission San Antonio, founded July 14,th 1771](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/03-mission-san-antonio-450x258.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 39 IV. Mission San Gabriel, founded September 8th, 1771](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/04-mission-san-gabriel-450x258.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 40 V. Mission San Luis Obispo, founded September 1st, 1772](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/05-mission-san-luis-obispo-450x258.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 41 VI. Mission San Francisco, founded October 8th, 1776](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/06-mission-san-francisco-450x245.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 42 VII. Mission San Juan Capistrano, founded November 1st, 1776](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/07-mission-san-juan-capistrano-450x260.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 43 VIII. Mission Santa Clara, founded January 12th, 1777](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/08-mission-santa-clara-450x260.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 44 IX. Mission San Buenaventura, founded March 31st, 1782](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/09-mission-san-buenaventura-450x254.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 45 X. Mission Santa Barbara, founded December 4th, 1786](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/10-mission-santa-barbara-450x258.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 46 XI. Mission Purísima Concepción, founded December 8th, 1787](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/11-mission-purisima-concepcion-450x262.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 47 XII. Mission Santa Cruz, founded August 28th, 1791](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/12-mission-santa-cruz-450x260.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 48 XIII. Mission N. S. de Soledad, founded October 9th, 1791](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/13-mission-n-s-dolorisima-de-soledad-450x252.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 49 XIV. Mission San José, founded June 11th, 1797](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/14-mission-san-jose-450x259.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 50 XV. Mission San Juan Bautista, founded June 24th, 1797](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/15-mission-san-juan-bautista-450x246.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 51 XVI. Mission San Miguel Arcángel, founded July 25th, 1797](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/16-mission-san-miguel-arcangel-450x256.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 52 XVII. Mission San Fernando, founded September 8th, 1797](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/17-misison-san-fernando-450x257.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 53 XVIII. Mission San Luis Rey, founded June 13th, 1798](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/18-mission-san-luis-rey-450x260.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 54 XIX. Mission Santa Inés, founded September 17th, 1804](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/19-mission-santa-ines-450x254.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 55 XX. Mission San Rafael, founded December 14th, 1817](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/20-mission-san-rafael-450x289.jpg)
![Dodge and Harmer's illustrations - 56 XXI. Mission San Francisco Solano, founded July 4th, 1823](https://californiamissions.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/21-mission-san-francisco-solano-450x290.jpg)